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Perihelion precession in a Schwarzschild-like potential

What you are seeing: a planet on an elliptic orbit around a massive central body. In pure Newtonian gravity the ellipse is closed: the point of closest approach (perihelion) stays exactly in place. General relativity adds a small correction that breaks this closure. Each orbit rotates the entire ellipse by a tiny angle. For Mercury the real value is about 43 arcseconds per century, way too slow to render; here you can dial the GR strength up so it is visible within a handful of orbits.

The acceleration is a=GMr3r(1+αr2)\vec a = -\dfrac{GM}{r^3}\,\vec r\left(1 + \dfrac{\alpha}{r^2}\right), with GM=1GM = 1 and semi-major axis a=1a = 1 in code units. The first term is Newton; the second is the orbit-averaged 1PN correction from the Schwarzschild metric. The orange ellipse is the current orbit; faint blue traces are the four most recent orbits, showing the precession. Red dots are perihelion passages.

Figure 1. Precessing Keplerian orbit in the 1PN-corrected effective potential of the Schwarzschild metric. Method: velocity-Verlet from shared/js/engine/symplectic.js, fixed dt = 0.005.
alpha0.020
e0.40
speed0.5

WHAT TO TRY

  • Vary each control and watch the rail readouts respond.
  • Compare the diagnostic plot against the live scene.